Locking bone screw and spinal plate system

ABSTRACT

A bone plate system including a bone plate and a bone screw with an integrated locking mechanism is disclosed. The bone screw includes an elongate member having a threaded shank and a bone screw head that is radially deformable. The integrated locking mechanism sits within the bone screw head and can rotate between a locked condition and an unlocked condition. When the bone screw head is seated within an aperture in the bone plate, rotating the integrated locking mechanism into the locked condition helps to prevent bone screw backout.

FIELD

The present invention relates to fixation devices used in orthopaedic and spinal surgery and particularly to bone fixation plate systems that include locking bone screws to prevent bone screw backout.

BACKGROUND

For a number of known reasons, bone fixation devices are useful for promoting proper healing of injured or damaged vertebral bone segments caused by trauma, tumor growth, or degenerative disc disease. The fixation devices immobilize the injured bone segments to ensure the proper growth of new osseous tissue between the damaged segments. These types of bone fixation devices often include internal bracing and instrumentation to stabilize the spinal column to facilitate the efficient healing of the damaged area without deformity or instability, while minimizing any immobilization and post-operative care of the patient.

One such device is an osteosynthesis plate, more commonly referred to as a bone fixation plate, that can be used to immobilize adjacent skeletal parts such as bones. Typically, the fixation plate is a rigid metal or polymeric plate positioned to span bones or bone segments that require immobilization with respect to one another. The plate is fastened to the respective bones, usually with bone screws, so that the plate remains in contact with the bones and fixes them in a desired position. Bone plates can be useful in providing the mechanical support necessary to keep vertebral bodies in proper position and bridge a weakened or diseased area such as when a disc, vertebral body or fragment has been removed.

It is known that in bone plate systems in general, and in those systems used for stabilization of the spinal column in particular, a loosening of the bone screws which secure the bone plate to the bone segment can occur. When the bone screws become loose, they may move in an axial direction (i.e., screw back out may occur).

Conventional bone plate systems offer several options for securing the bone screws to the bone plate and preventing screw backout. For example, some systems rely on split rings positioned between the bone screw and the bone plate; other system use bone screw covers that are mated to the bone plate in a position above an implanted bone screw; and still other systems use a locking screw that is driven into the top of an implanted bone screw. Despite the existence of these bone plate systems, there remains a need for an effective bone screw locking mechanism that can be installed and actuated with ease and efficiency.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein is a bone screw with an integrated locking mechanism that helps to prevent bone screw backout after implantation. The bone screw and locking mechanism are effective and easy to use. In addition, the bone screw can be implanted and the locking mechanism engaged with a minimal number of steps. For example, the bone screw can be implanted and the locking mechanism engaged with the same tool.

In one embodiment, the bone screw comprises an elongate member having a threaded shank and a head at a proximal end thereof. The head, which is radially deformable, is defined by an outer wall that defines an inner hollow region. An inner surface of the outer wall has a circumferential groove that seats a screw locking mechanism. The screw locking mechanism can be rotated between a locked condition and an unlocked condition.

In one aspect, at least one axially oriented slot is formed in the outer surface of the head, extending distally from the proximal end of the screw. In an unlocked condition, locking features of the locking mechanism are aligned with the slot(s) to permit radial deformation of the head. In the locked position, the locking features abut the inner surface of the outer wall of the head to prevent radial deformation of the head.

At least a portion of the bone screw head has a spherically shaped outer surface that is interrupted by the axially oriented slots formed in the outer wall. The slots, as noted above, allow the bone screw head to deform, for example to reduce its diameter. The locking mechanism can have a substantially circularly shaped first portion that is adapted to be rotatably disposed within the seating groove, and a second portion, proximal to the first portion, that includes at least one locking feature adapted to engage the inner surface of the outer wall in a locked condition. In addition, the bone screw head can have a drive feature formed at a distal portion of the hollow region and the locking mechanism can have a drive feature formed in a central portion thereof. The drive features are adapted to mate with complementary drive elements on a driver tool.

In another aspect, a bone plate system includes at least one bone screw of the type noted above with an integrated locking mechanism, and a bone plate. The bone plate has a first surface, a second, bone-contacting surface opposed to the first surface, and at least one aperture extending through the first and second surfaces. The aperture has a predefined shape and size, and it is configured to seat a bone screw such that the head of the bone screw undergoes radial deformation, at least upon initial passage into the aperture.

At least a portion of the locking mechanism is rotatably disposed in the seating groove within the bone screw head such that the locking mechanism can be rotated relative to the bone screw between a locked condition and an unlocked condition. In one embodiment, the unlocked condition allows radial deformation of the head, and the locked condition prevents radial deformation of the head by way of a locking feature that abuts a portion of the inner surface of the outer wall.

The bone screw and locking mechanism each can include drive features. For example, the head of the bone screw can have a first drive feature formed at a distal portion of the hollow region and the locking mechanism can have a second drive feature. In one aspect, the first and second drive features are positioned coaxially with the first drive feature positioned distally to the second drive feature.

In one embodiment, the bone plate system includes a driver tool adapted to mate with the first and second drive features to implant the bone screw and to actuate the locking mechanism. The driver tool can include a proximal handle portion and a distal mating area that includes a first driver element adapted to mate with the first drive feature and a second driver element adapted to mate with the second drive feature. The proximal handle portion can include first and second handle portions capable of selective independent movement such that one handle can be rotated relative to the other. In one embodiment, the driver tool can drive the bone screw into bone and subsequently the second drive feature can be independently rotated to actuate the locking mechanism without removing the tool.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention can be more fully understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of the bone plate system including a bone plate with bone screws having an integrated locking mechanism;

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of an embodiment of a bone plate useful with the present system;

FIG. 2B is a sectional side view of the bone plate shown in FIG. 2A along lines 2B-2B;

FIG. 2C is a partial, sectional side view of an aperture of the bone plate of FIG. 2A along lines 2B-2B;

FIG. 2D is a sectional side view of a portion of a bone plate having a bone screw disposed therein;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a bone screw useful with the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4A is a perspective view of an embodiment of a locking mechanism that can be integrated within the bone screw described herein;

FIG. 4B is a perspective view of the locking mechanism of FIG. 4A in a locked condition;

FIG. 4C is a perspective view of an embodiment of a bone screw adapted to receive the locking mechanism of FIGS. 4A and 4B;

FIG. 4D is a perspective view of the bone screw of FIG. 4C with the locking mechanism of FIG. 4A integrated therein;

FIG. 4E is a perspective view of the bone screw and locking mechanism of FIG. 4D with the locking mechanism in a locked condition;

FIG. 5A is a perspective view of an embodiment of a locking mechanism that can be integrated within the bone screw described herein;

FIG. 5B is a top view of the locking mechanism of FIG. 5A;

FIG. 6A is a top view of an embodiment a bone screw with a locking mechanism in a locked condition;

FIG. 6B is a top view of the bone screw of FIG. 6A with a locking mechanism in an unlocked condition;

FIG. 7A is an embodiment of an installation/locking instrument useful with the bone plate system;

FIG. 7B is a perspective view of the distal end of the driver tool shown in FIG. 7A; and

FIG. 7C is a perspective view of the distal end of the driver tool shown in FIG. 7A in an alternative configuration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Certain exemplary embodiments will now be described to provide an overall understanding of the principles of the structure, function, manufacture, and use of the devices and methods disclosed herein. One or more examples of these embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Those skilled in the art will understand that the devices and methods specifically described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are non-limiting exemplary embodiments and that the scope of the present invention is defined solely by the claims. The features illustrated or described in connection with one exemplary embodiment may be combined with the features of other embodiments. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

The following exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to bone screws with bone plates that span and immobilize adjacent vertebral bodies in spinal fixation techniques. However, it is understood that the bone screws and bone plate systems described herein may be applicable to the fixation of any type of adjacent bones or bone segments.

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the bone plate system 10 including bone screws 12 and bone plate 14 having apertures 16. Bone screws 12 are implanted through apertures 16 to fix bone plate 14 to bone (e.g., vertebral bodies). Each bone screw 12 includes a locking mechanism 18 that is movable between locked and unlocked positions. In the unlocked condition bone screw 12 is able to pass into an aperture within the plate and in the locked position the bone screw head is prevented from backing out of the aperture. The locking mechanism can be integrated (e.g., pre-assembled) within the screw head, or it can be assembled within the screw head on demand.

Bone screw 12 with locking mechanism 18 can be locked within a variety of bone plates that include apertures 16 having shapes and dimensions suitable to receive bone screw 12 and enable the bone screw to be locked therein. Exemplary plates include bone plates having an aperture 16 with an upper diameter 20 sized such that bone screw 12 with locking mechanism 18 in the locked condition is not able enter or exit though upper diameter 20.

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate one such exemplary bone plate 14. As shown in the sectional side view of bone plate 14 provided in FIGS. 2B and 2C, aperture 16 has a variable diameter. The upper portion 22 of aperture 16 can have an upper diameter 20 while the lower portion 24 includes a lower diameter 26. Positioned between the upper and lower portions 22, 24 is a central portion 28 with a central diameter 30 that is larger than the upper and lower diameters 20, 26. As shown in FIG. 2D, the bone screw head can be locked within the larger diameter central portion 28 of the bone screw aperture 16.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary bone screw 12 for positioning within aperture 16 that includes an elongate body 32 having a distal shank 34 and proximal head 36. The distal shank 34 can include threads 38 for fixing bone screw 12 to bone. A variety of bone screw threads adapted for fixing the bone screw and/or taping bone can be positioned on all or a portion of shank 34. In addition, one skilled in the art will appreciate that a variety of thread patterns and sizes can be used.

Bone screw head 36 can have a variety of shapes including partially spherical, tapered, and irregularly shaped. In one embodiment, head 36 has a generally spherical shape corresponding to the shape of the central portion 30 of aperture 16. In another embodiment, the shape of head 36 includes a tapered top portion and a tapered bottom portion.

The head 36 of the bone screw 12 includes a wall 42, with an inner surface 44 and outer surface 46, that defines a hollow interior region 48. The bone screw head can be constructed in a variety of ways. In one embodiment, however, it should be able to deform radially.

In one aspect, the screw head is not able to fit within an aperture of the bone plate in its normal configuration. However, at least a portion of wall 42 is deformable, and the deformation enables the head of the screw to pass through and be seated in an aperture. For example, the wall 42 can be deflected inwardly when a compressive force (i.e., caused by passing the screw head through an aperture) is applied to the outer surface 46. Wall 42 may also be somewhat resilient such that after a compressive force is removed from the wall 42, the outer wall is able to return to its original shape and dimensions.

Generally, the bone screw head should be capable of deforming by a magnitude sufficient to allow it to fit within an aperture of a plate, for example, the outer diameter of the head can be reduced by approximately 0.001 to approximately 0.5 mm. The amount of deformation can dependent on the material(s) used to construct the bone screw and the type of structure into which the bone screw will be implanted. In one embodiment, the bone screw is a titanium bone screw sized for insertion into a cervical vertebra and the outer diameter of the head can be reduced by approximately 0.001 to approximately 0.25 mm.

To enable deformation, wall 42 can, in one embodiment, include axially oriented slots 50 to facilitate deformation of the head. As shown in FIG. 3, slots 50 can extend through wall 42 from the outer surface 46 to inner surface 44. In addition, the slots can extend distally from the proximal-most surface of the head through most of the height of outer wall 42 to define individually deflectable tabs 52. The space provided by slots 50 allows tabs 52 to deform (i.e., flex inwardly or outwardly) and to thereby alter the outer diameter of bone screw head 36 defined by wall 42. One skilled in the art will appreciate the width of the slots and the number of slots can vary depending on the desired amount of deflection in the outer wall. In one embodiment, however, four slots 50 are formed, thereby creating four tabs 52.

The hollow interior region 48 of bone screw head 36 can include additional features, such as a drive feature that is complementary with a driver element on a driver tool. For example, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, a drive feature 54 is positioned in the bottom surface of hollow interior region 48 in the form of a rectangularly shaped female drive feature. While the drive feature 54 illustrated in FIG. 3 is square, one skilled in the art will appreciate that it can have a variety of shapes capable of receiving a complementary driver element. For example, drive feature 54 can have other rectangular shapes or it can be triangular, hexagonal, oval, irregular, etc. In a further aspect, drive feature 54 could be a threaded female element that is able to receive a threaded male driver member. In addition, while the drive feature 54 is shown as a female socket, the drive feature 54 can be a male member that is capable of mating with a complementary female driver element.

The hollow interior region 48 of the bone screw head is also configured to receive an integrated screw locking mechanism 18. Inner surface 44 of the bone screw head 36 can have a variety of a mating features adapted to receive screw locking mechanism 18 and maintain the locking mechanism therein. In one aspect, the locking mechanism is seated within a mating feature during assembly of the bone screw. However, the locking mechanism could alternatively be positioned within the bone screw head by a user.

In one embodiment, the mating feature is a groove 56 that extends around the circumference of inner surface 44 to receive a portion of bone screw locking mechanism 18. One skilled in the art will appreciate that a variety of mating features, including, for example, grooves, threads, and/or raised features can be positioned with hollow interior region 48 for integrating the locking mechanism in bone screw head 36. In addition, as discussed below, multiple mating features can be disposed on inner surface 44.

A variety of locking mechanisms can sit within the mating feature(s) of the bone screw head 36 and be adapted to prevent deformation and/or to deform bone screw head 36. Exemplary locking mechanisms include disc-like locking mechanisms and locking rings. In one embodiment, locking mechanism 18 a includes a split ring that sits in a first position when bone screw head 36 is in an unlocked condition and sits in a second position when bone screw head 36 is a locked condition. FIG. 4A illustrates locking mechanism 18 a in an unlocked condition in which open space 1 9 allows the diameter of locking mechanism 18 a to be reduced when a compressive force is applied. FIG. 4B shows locking mechanism 18 a in a locked condition and space 1 9 closed such that the diameter of the locking mechanism cannot be further compressed.

The bone screw can have a variety of features suitable to seat a locking mechanism such as ring 18 a. In one embodiment, inner surface 44 of bone screw head 36 can include two or more grooves adapted to receive split ring locking mechanism 18 a. The inner surface 44, as shown in FIG. 4C, can include a first, proximal groove 56 a and a second, distal groove 56 b. In one embodiment, the proximal groove 56 a has a larger diameter then the distal groove 56 b such that when the locking mechanism is seated in groove 56 a, the locking mechanism is in an unlocked condition (FIG. 4D), and when the locking mechanism is seated in groove 56 b the locking mechanism is in a locked condition (FIG. 4E). Other useful features suitable to seat locking mechanism 18 a include helical grooves and threads.

When the locking mechanism is in an unlocked condition, space 1 9 allows locking mechanism 18 a to be compressed and tabs 52 to deflect inward to reduce the diameter of bone screw head 36 (FIG. 4D). However, when moved into groove 56 b, locking mechanism 18 a conforms to the smaller diameter of the groove and space 19 is closed (or reduced). With space 19 closed, the inability (or diminished ability) of locking mechanism 18 a to further compress prevents tabs 52 from deforming. The bone screw head thus cannot be sufficiently deformed to allow passage through the upper diameter 20 of aperture 16.

Movement of locking mechanism 18 a from groove 56 a to 56 b can be achieved by radially compressing locking mechanism 18 a and moving the locking mechanism longitudinally. In an alterative embodiment, the interior surface 44 could be threaded (not shown), and the locking mechanism can be moved between a locked and unlocked condition by rotating the locking mechanism.

In an alternative embodiment of the locking mechanism, locking mechanism 18 b is a disc-like member that includes two portions, one that is seated within the bone screw head 36 and another that performs the locking function. FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate an exemplary locking mechanism that includes a distal portion 58, which mates with bone screw head 36, and a proximal portion 60, which includes locking features such as protrusions 62. The distal portion 58 can be seated within a single groove 56 (FIG. 3) in such a way that the locking mechanism is able to rotate relative to the bone screw. In one example, the distal portion 58 can be generally circular in shape.

Locking mechanism 18 b can also have a variety of alternative configurations. In one aspect, locking mechanism 18 b could be inverted such that the proximal portion 60 of locking mechanism 18 b mates with the bone screw head, and the distal portion 58 contains the locking features. In yet another aspect, the locking mechanism can be in the form of a member with a single portion that both mates with the bone screw head and includes locking features.

The relative size of proximal and distal portions 60, 58 can be adapted to permanently seat locking mechanism 18 b within groove 56. For example, as shown in FIG. 5B, a maximum width W of proximal portion 60 can be slightly less than the diameter D of distal portion 58 to provide distal portion 58 with an offset O. The offset O defines the portion of distal portion 58 that extends into groove 56 and holds locking mechanism 18 b within hollow interior 48. In one exemplary embodiment, the offset is in the range about 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm.

The maximum width W of proximal portion 60 of locking mechanism 18 b can be sized to contact wall 42 when the locking mechanism is rotated into the locked position. For example, proximal portion 60 can have a generally circular shape with protrusions 62 that form cam-like lobes. Protrusions 62 can be sized such that when they are in the locked position they abut inner surface 44 of wall 42 to either prevent the outer wall from radially deforming under a compressive force or to radially expand the outer wall. In an exemplary embodiment placing the locking mechanism in the locked position prevents the head from deforming (i.e., from deflecting inwardly). However, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the bone screw and locking mechanism can be configured such that the locking mechanism operates by causing an increase in the diameter of the head when it is placed in the locked condition, as discussed below.

The size of protrusions 62, is defined as the different between W, the maximum width of proximal portion 60 and w the minor width of proximal portion (FIG. 5B). The size of protrusions 62 corresponds to the maximum amount of deflection which deflectable tabs 52 can achieve. In one embodiment, the protrusions 62 have a size in the range of approximately 0.2 mm to approximately 0.7 mm.

FIG. 6A illustrates a bone screw head with locking mechanism 18 b in the locked position. As shown, protrusions 62 are positioned in contact with deflectable tabs 52. In this position, the tabs 52 are prevented from deflecting in response to a compressive force due to the positioning of protrusions 62. The unlocked position can be achieved by rotating the locking mechanism such that the protrusions 62 are aligned with the slots 50 formed between deflectable tabs 52. In this position, shown in FIG. 6B, deflectable tabs 52 are free to deflect inwardly in response to a compressive force. As discussed above, in an exemplary embodiment, inward deflection of the tabs reduces the outer diameter of bone screw head 36 and allows the bone screw head to pass into aperture 16 through the top portion 22 thereof, which has a reduced diameter.

Locking mechanism 18 b is dimensioned and positioned within the bone screw 12 such that when a compressive force is applied to bone screw head 36, the distal portion 58 of locking mechanism 18 b does not interfere with the deformation of tabs 52. For example, diameter D of distal portion 58 can be such that that locking mechanism 18 b is allowed some play within the groove 56. The diameter of the groove can be larger than diameter D of the locking mechanism disposed within the groove. The difference in the diameters allows some space between the outer edge of distal portion 58 and the inner surface of groove 56. When bone screw head 36 begins to deform, this space allows outer wall 42 to compress without immediately encountering, and being prevented from deforming by, the distal portion 58 of locking mechanism 18 b.

As noted above, in another embodiment, locking mechanism 18 a or 18 b can be adapted to expand bone screw head 36 to lock bone screw head 36 within aperture 16. For example, locking mechanism 18 b can be dimensioned such that the maximum width W of proximal portion 60 is larger than the internal diameter of the hollow interior 48. Rotating protrusions 62 into position behind tabs 52 would thus expand bone screw head 36 to occupy the larger central diameter 30 of aperture 16 and thereby prevent bone screw head 36 from passing through the top portion 22 of the aperture which has upper diameter 20. As discussed above, the magnitude of screw head deformation depends on the materials from which the bone screw is made and the size and/or intended use of the bone screw. In one aspect, the bone screw head can expand by approximately 0.1 to approximately 0.5 mm to lock the bone screw head in aperture 16.

Locking mechanism 18 a or 18 b can also include other features such as a drive feature adapted to mate with a complementary portion of a driver tool for shifting the locking mechanism between a locked and an unlocked position. For example, locking mechanism 18 b can include a drive feature 66 adapted to receive a driver tool for rotating the locking mechanism between a locked and an unlocked position. As shown in FIGS. 5A through 6B, drive feature 66, like drive feature 54 in bone screw head 36 (FIG. 3), can be in the form of a female opening adapted to receive a drive element on a driver tool. For example, drive feature 66 can be a rectangular (e.g., square) opening that is centrally formed in the locking mechanism. One skilled in the art will appreciate that a variety of drive features can be used to rotate locking mechanism 18 b. For example, drive feature 66 can be a female opening having a variety of other shapes (e.g., triangular, rectangular, hexagonal oval, irregular, etc.) capable of mating with the driver element. Further, as discussed with respect to the drive feature 54 in bone screw head 36, the drive feature 66 can alternatively be configured as a male member that mates with a complementary female drive element on a driver tool.

In one embodiment, both the locking mechanism 18 b and the bone screw head 36 can be adapted to receive a single driver tool for installing bone screw 12 within bone and rotating locking mechanism 18 b between the locked and unlocked positions. For example, the drive feature 66 can be positioned coaxially with and proximal to drive feature 54, and it can be sized such that distal drive feature 54 can be accessed through the proximally positioned drive feature 66. A single driver tool can then access both drive features 54, 66 and perform the steps of implanting the bone screw and locking the locking mechanism without removing the driver tool. As such, a surgeon can implant the bone plate system with fewer steps while using fewer tools.

One such exemplary driver tool 70 is illustrated in FIGS. 7A through 7C. As shown driver tool 70 can include an elongate body having proximal first and second handle portions 74, 76 and corresponding distal first and second driver elements 78, 80 adapted to mate with drive feature 54 and drive feature 66, respectively. The driver elements 78, 80 are shaped and sized to mate with drive features 54, 66 of bone screw 12 and locking mechanism 18 b, respectively. For example, the first mating portion 78 is shaped for insertion into the bone screw 12 (FIG. 3), while the larger, proximal mating portion 80 is adapted to mate with drive feature 66 of the locking mechanism.

In one embodiment, an outer body sheath 82 connects handle portion 76 and driver element 80. The outer body sheath 82 is positioned over shaft 83 which connects handle 74 to driver element 78. The bone screws can be installed by mating the driver element 78 with the drive feature 56 within the screw head. Rotation of the handle 74 will in turn cause the bone screw to rotate so that it can be driven into bone. Since neither the shaft 83 nor handle 74 is mechanically linked to sheath 82, rotation of handle 74 will not cause sheath 82 or driver element 80 to rotate. Once bone screw 12 is implanted, and bone screw head 36 is seated within aperture 16, a surgeon can then rotate only handle 76 on shaft 82 causing the driver element 80 to rotate independent of driver element 78, and lock the locking mechanism within the bone screw head.

FIGS. 7B and 7C illustrate the independent movement of the first and second mating portions that facilitate actuation of the locking member. For example, FIG. 7B shows the second driver element 80 in an unlocked position, while FIG. 7C shows the second driver element 80 rotated 45 degrees relative to the first driver element 78 to rotate locking mechanism 18 b into a locked position.

To assist with locking the locking mechanism, a visual indicator or a stop can signify when the locking mechanism is positioned in the locked position. For example, a marker on the locking mechanism could be positioned to line up with a corresponding marker on the bone screw head when the locking mechanism is rotated into the locked position. In use, a surgeon would line up the markers to lock the bone screw in the aperture. A pair of markers could alternatively be positioned on driver tool 70 to indicate the relative position of driver element 78, 80 and thus the locked or unlocked condition of bone screw 12. In another embodiment, a stop could be placed inside the bone screw head to prevent rotation of the locking mechanism past the locked position. The stop, for example, could allow rotation of the locking mechanism from an unlocked position to an adjacent locked position, but not allow the locking mechanism to rotate further. In another embodiment, the stop can be located in the driver tool to limit rotation of the outer sheath relative to the inner shaft. Rotation of driver element 78 relative to driver element 80 could then be limited to movement between an unlocked and an adjacent locked position.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that multiple driver tools can also be used with bone screw 12. For example, a first driver tool adapted can be adapted to mate with drive feature 54 for implanting the bone screw, while a second driver tool can be adapted for mating with drive feature 66 for locking the bone screw in position.

The bone plate system 10, as disclosed herein, can include a variety of bone screw/bone plate kinematics. For example, bone plate 14 and bone screw 12 can be adapted such that when bone screw 12 is locked in bone plate 14, the bone screw is rigidly fixed and movement of the screw in any direction is prevented. The bone plate system can also be of a semi-rigid type in which after a screw locking mechanism is engaged, screw backout is prevented, but the screw is able to move in all directions (i.e., polyaxially). Further, the bone plate system can also be of a hybrid type in which after the screw locking mechanism is engaged, screw backout is prevented, but the screw is able to move in only one selected direction (e.g., the superior-inferior or the transverse direction). Moreover, the bone screws may translate within an aperture of a plate. For example, a bone screw may translate along the length of an elongated slot defining an aperture in the plate.

The components of the exemplary bone plate systems described herein may be constructed of any biocompatible material including, for example, metals, such as stainless steel and titanium, polymers, and composites thereof. In certain exemplary embodiments, the bone plate system may be constructed of a bioresorbable material, such as, for example polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA), and blends or copolymers thereof.

One skilled in the art will appreciate further features and advantages of the invention based on the above-described embodiments. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited by what has been particularly shown and described, except as indicated by the appended claims. All publications and references cited herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

What is claimed is: 

1. A bone screw, comprising: an elongate member having a threaded shank, and a head at a proximal end thereof, the head being radially deformable and being defined by an outer wall defining an inner hollow region; and a screw locking mechanism at least partially disposed in the head, the screw locking mechanism being rotatable within the head between a locked condition and an unlocked condition.
 2. The bone screw of claim 1, wherein the head has at least one axially oriented slot formed in the outer wall and extending into the hollow region.
 3. The bone screw of claim 1, wherein the seating groove extends circumferentially about the inner surface.
 4. The bone screw of claim 2, wherein the head has an outer diameter that is greater than a major diameter of the shank.
 5. The bone screw of claim 2, wherein the head has four slots.
 6. The bone screw of claim 5, wherein the locking mechanism has four locking features.
 7. The bone screw of claim 6, wherein the locking features are cam-like lobes.
 8. The bone screw of claim 7, wherein in the locked condition the locking features engage an inner surface of the outer wall of the head to prevent deformation of the head.
 9. The bone screw of claim 8, wherein in the unlocked condition the locking features engage align with the slots to permit deformation of the head.
 10. The bone screw of claim 2, wherein at least a portion of the outer wall of the head has a spherically shaped outer surface.
 11. The bone screw of claim 2, wherein the outer wall of the head has a tapered upper portion and a tapered lower portion.
 12. The bone screw of claim 1, further including at least one seating groove formed in the inner surface of the outer wall.
 13. The bone screw of claim 12, wherein the locking mechanism is rotatably disposed in the seating groove.
 14. The bone screw of claim 12, wherein the locking mechanism has a substantially circular shaped first portion adapted to be rotatably disposed within the seating groove, and a second portion that includes at least one locking feature that is adapted to engage the inner surface of the outer wall in a locked condition.
 15. The bone screw of claim 1, wherein the head has a drive feature formed at a distal portion of the inner hollow region.
 16. The bone screw of claim 12, wherein the locking mechanism has a drive feature.
 17. The bone screw of claim 13, wherein the drive feature in the locking mechanism and the drive feature in the head are coaxial.
 18. The bone screw of claim 14, wherein the drive feature in the head is a rectangular female opening.
 19. The bone screw of claim 15, wherein the drive feature in the locking mechanism is a rectangular female opening having an area larger than the of the drive feature of the head.
 20. The bone screw of claim 1, wherein threads are disposed on an inner surface of the outer wall.
 21. The bone screw of claim 20, wherein the locking mechanism is rotatably disposed in the threads.
 22. A bone screw, comprising: an elongate member having a threaded shank, and a head at a proximal end thereof, the head being radially deformable and being defined by an outer wall defining an inner hollow region; a seating groove formed in an inner surface of the outer wall; and a locking disc at least partially disposed in the seating groove, the locking disc being rotatable within the seating groove between a locked condition and an unlocked condition.
 23. A bone screw, comprising: an elongate member having a threaded shank, and a head at a proximal end thereof, the head being radially deformable and being defined by an outer wall defining an inner hollow region; a deformable locking mechanism; and at least one feature formed in an inner surface of the outer wall adapted to receive the deformable locking mechanism in a locked condition and in an unlocked condition.
 24. The bone screw of claim 23, wherein the at least one feature includes first and second seating grooves.
 25. The bone screw of claim 23, wherein the deformable locking mechanism is a split ring.
 26. The bone screw of claim 24, wherein the locking mechanism has a first diameter in the unlocked condition and a second, smaller diameter in the locked condition.
 27. The bone screw of claim 26, wherein the first seating groove has a diameter corresponding the diameter of the locking mechanism in an unlocked condition and the second seating groove has a diameter corresponding to the locked condition.
 28. A bone plate system, comprising: at least one bone screw having a threaded shank at a distal end thereof and a head at a proximal end thereof, the head being radially deformable and being defined by an outer wall, the outer wall having an inner and outer surface, wherein the inner surface defines an inner hollow region and including a seating groove formed therein; a bone plate having a first surface, a second, bone-contacting surface opposed to the first surface, and at least one aperture extending through the first and second surfaces, the aperture having a predefined shape and size, and being configured to seat the bone screw such that the head of the bone screw undergoes radial deformation at least upon initial passage into the aperture; and a screw locking mechanism at least partially disposed in the seating groove of the at least one bone screw, the screw locking mechanism having at least one locking feature, and the screw locking mechanism being rotatable within the seating groove between an unlocked condition and a locked condition in which the at least one locking feature abuts a portion of the inner surface of the outer wall.
 29. The system of claim 28, wherein at least a portion of the outer wall of the bone screw has a spherically shaped outer surface.
 30. The system of claim 28, wherein the at least one aperture includes an upper diameter larger than a lower diameter.
 31. The system of claim 30, wherein the at least one aperture includes a central diameter larger than the upper diameter.
 32. The system of claim 30, wherein the at least one aperture includes a central diameter that is spherically shaped.
 33. The system of claim 28, wherein the head of the at least one bone screw has at least one distally extending slot formed in the outer wall and extending into the hollow region.
 34. The system of claim 28, wherein the locking mechanism has a substantially circularly shaped first portion adapted to be rotatably disposed within the seating groove, and a second portion that includes at least one locking feature that is adapted to engage the inner surface of the outer wall in a locked condition.
 35. The system of claim 28, wherein the head of the at least one bone screw has a drive feature formed at a distal portion of the hollow inner region.
 36. The system of claim 28, wherein the locking mechanism has a drive feature formed in a central portion thereof.
 37. The system of claim 28, wherein the head of the at least one bone screw has a first drive feature, the locking mechanism has a second drive feature, and the system includes a driver tool adapted to independently actuate the first and second drive features.
 38. The system of claim 37, wherein the driver tool includes a proximal handle portion and a distal mating portion including a first driver element adapted to mate with the first drive feature and a second driver element adapted to mate with the second drive feature.
 39. The system of claim 38, wherein the first driver element is disposed distal to the second driver element.
 40. The system of claim 38, wherein the first and second driver elements are coaxial.
 41. The system of claim 38, wherein the driver tool includes independently rotatable first and second handle portions, wherein the second handle portion is adapted to actuate the locking mechanism by rotating independently of the first handle element.
 42. A method of locking a locking bone screw, comprising: providing a bone screw including an elongate member having a threaded shank, and a head at a proximal end thereof, the head being radially deformable and being defined by an outer wall defining an inner hollow region, and a screw locking mechanism at least partially disposed in the head, the screw locking mechanism being rotatable within the head between a locked condition and an unlocked condition; positioning the bone screw head in a bone plate aperture; and rotating the screw locking mechanism to lock the bone screw head in the bone plate aperture.
 43. The method of claim 42, further comprising providing a driver tool, wherein the head of the at least one bone screw has a first drive feature, the locking mechanism has a second drive feature, and the driver tool is adapted to independently actuate the first and second drive features.
 44. The method of claim 43, further comprising rotating the first drive feature with the driver to drive the bone screw into bone.
 45. The method of claim 43, further comprising rotating the second drive feature independently of the first drive feature to lock the bone screw head in the bone plate aperture.
 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the second drive feature is rotated approximately 45 degrees to lock the locking mechanism. 